gluon

光子是一个小型、静态类型的函数式编程语言，专为应用程序嵌入而设计。

特性

• 静态类型 - 静态类型使编写gluon和宿主应用程序之间的安全和高效接口变得更容易。

• 类型推断 - 类型推断确保类型很少需要显式编写，从而在无需类型编写的情况下获得静态类型的所有好处。

• 简单嵌入 - 在gluon中序列化和反序列化值几乎不需要任何样板代码，允许在Rust中定义的函数直接传递给gluon。

• 默认UTF-8 - Gluon支持Unicode，具有UTF-8编码的字符串和Unicode代码点作为字符。

• 独立堆栈 - Gluon是一种垃圾回收语言，但为每个执行的gluon线程使用独立的堆栈。这使得每个堆栈都很小，从而减少了垃圾回收器的开销。

• 线程安全 - Gluon是用Rust编写的，这保证了线程安全。Gluon保持相同的保证，允许多个gluon程序并行运行 (示例)*

* Gluon程序的并行执行是最近添加的，可能仍然存在死锁等问题。

示例

你好世界

let io = import! std.io
io.print "Hello world!"

阶乘

let factorial n : Int -> Int =
    if n < 2
    then 1
    else n * factorial (n - 1)

factorial 10

24

// # 24
//
// From http://rosettacode.org/wiki/24_game
//
// Write a program that randomly chooses and displays four digits, each from 1 ──► 9 (inclusive) with repetitions allowed.
//
// The program should prompt for the player to enter an arithmetic expression using just those, and all of those four digits, used exactly once each. The program should check then evaluate the expression.
//
// The goal is for the player to enter an expression that (numerically) evaluates to 24.
//
// * Only the following operators/functions are allowed: multiplication, division, addition, subtraction
// * Division should use floating point or rational arithmetic, etc, to preserve remainders.
// * Brackets are allowed, if using an infix expression evaluator.
// * Forming multiple digit numbers from the supplied digits is disallowed. (So an answer of 12+12 when given 1, 2, 2, and 1 is wrong).
// * The order of the digits when given does not have to be preserved.
//
//
// ## Notes
//
//     The type of expression evaluator used is not mandated. An RPN evaluator is equally acceptable for example.
//     The task is not for the program to generate the expression, or test whether an expression is even possible.


// The `import!` macro are used to load and refer to other modules.
// It gets replaced by the value returned by evaluating that module (cached of course, so that
// multiple `import!`s to the same module only evaluates the module once)
let io @ { ? } = import! std.io
let prelude = import! std.prelude
let { Result } = import! std.result
let array @ { ? } = import! std.array
let int = import! std.int
let string = import! std.string
let list @ { List, ? } = import! std.list
let random = import! std.random
let string = import! std.string

// Since imports in gluon returns regular values we can load specific parts of a module using pattern matches.
let char @ { ? } = import! std.char

let { (<>) } = import! std.semigroup
let { flat_map } = import! std.monad

let { (*>), (<*), wrap } = import! std.applicative

let { for } = import! std.traversable

type Op = | Add | Sub | Div | Mul
type Expr = | Int Int | Binop Expr Op Expr

let parse : String -> Result String Expr =
    // Gluon has a small parser combinator library which makes it easy to define an expression parser
    let parser @ {
        between,
        satisfy,
        satisfy_map,
        spaces,
        token,
        digit,
        skip_many1,
        recognize,
        lazy_parser,
        chainl1,
        (<?>),
        ? } = import! std.parser
    let { (<|>) } = import! std.alternative

    let lex x = x <* spaces

    let integer =
        // `do` expression provide a way to write monads in a way similiar to procedural code
        do i = lex (recognize (skip_many1 digit))
        match int.parse i with
        | Ok x -> wrap x
        | Err _ -> parser.fail "Unable to parse integer"

    let operator =
        satisfy_map (\c ->
            match c with
            | '*' -> Some Mul
            | '+' -> Some Add
            | '-' -> Some Sub
            | '/' -> Some Div
            | _ -> None)
            <?> "operator"

    rec
    let atom _ =
        parser.functor.map Int integer
            <|> between (lex (token '(')) (lex (token ')')) (lazy_parser expr)

    let binop _ =
        let op_parser =
            do op = lex operator
            wrap (\l r -> Binop l op r)
        chainl1 (atom ()) op_parser

    let expr _ = binop ()
    in

    // Gluon makes it possible to partially apply functions which we use here to scope all parser functions
    // inside the `let parse` binding above.
    let parse : String -> Result String Expr = parser.parse (expr () <* spaces)
    parse

/// Validates that `expr` contains exactly the same integers as `digits`
let validate digits expr : Array Int -> Expr -> Bool =
    let integers xs expr : List Int -> Expr -> List Int =
        match expr with
        | Int i -> Cons i xs
        | Binop l _ r -> integers (integers xs l) r
    let ints = integers Nil expr

    list.sort (list.of digits) == list.sort ints

let eval expr : Expr -> Int =
    match expr with
    | Int i -> i
    | Binop l op r ->
        let f =
            // Operators are just functions and can be referred to like any other identifier
            // by wrapping them in parentheses
            match op with
            | Add -> (+)
            | Sub -> (-)
            | Div -> (/)
            | Mul -> (*)
        f (eval l) (eval r)

do digits =
    let gen_digit = random.thread_rng.gen_int_range 1 10
    do a = gen_digit
    do b = gen_digit
    do c = gen_digit
    do d = gen_digit
    wrap [a, b, c, d]

let print_digits = for digits (\d ->
        seq io.print " "
        io.print (show d))
seq io.print "Four digits:" *> print_digits *> io.println ""

let guess_loop _ =
    do line = io.read_line
    // Exit the program if the line is just whitespace
    if string.is_empty (string.trim line) then
        wrap ()
    else
        match parse line with
        | Err err -> io.println err *> guess_loop ()
        | Ok expr ->
            if validate digits expr then
                let result = eval expr
                if result == 24
                then io.println "Correct!"
                else io.println ("Incorrect, " <> int.show.show result <> " != 24") *> guess_loop ()
            else
                io.println
                    "Expression is not valid, you must use each of the four numbers exactly once!"
                    *> guess_loop ()

guess_loop ()

源代码

入门

在线尝试

您可以在浏览器中尝试gluon，请访问 https://gluon-lang.org/try/。 (GitHub)

安装

可以通过使用GitHub上的预构建可执行文件安装Gluon或使用Cargo安装 gluon_repl crate

cargo install gluon_repl

REPL

Gluon有一个小型可执行文件，可以用来直接运行gluon程序或在小型REPL中运行。可以通过将 - 标志传递给构建的repl可执行文件来启动REPL，该可执行文件可以用 cargo run - gluon_repl -- -i 运行。

let g:LanguageClient_serverCommands = {
    \ 'gluon': ['gluon_language-server'],
    \ }

" Automatically start language servers.
let g:LanguageClient_autoStart = 1

nnoremap <silent> K :call LanguageClient_textDocument_hover()<CR>
nnoremap <silent> gd :call LanguageClient_textDocument_definition()<CR>

[dependencies]
gluon = "0.18.2"